Physiological and Anatomy Responses of Plants to Various Abiotic Stresses: A Comprehensive Review

Bagus Aradea

Abstract


Global climate change increases abiotic stress (drought, waterlogging, extreme temperatures, acid rain) that threatens food security. This stress disrupts photosynthesis, hormone balance, and cell membranes in plants, thereby reducing crop yields and causing adaptation failure. This study analyzes the physiological and anatomical responses of plants to abiotic stress. The results indicate that plants possess complex defense mechanisms, such as stomatal modulation, root structure, cytoskeletal reorganization, osmo-protectant synthesis, and antioxidant system activation. These stresses also affect the phytochemical composition and nutritional value of crop yields, raising concerns about food quality. This review contributes by integrating various findings from the literature to present a comprehensive overview of physiological and anatomical responses in plants due to abiotic stress. By synthesizing existing data, the authors highlight the importance of developing sustainable agricultural strategies through integrated approaches, such as plant breeding to create stress-tolerant varieties and the application of biotechnology to enhance plant resilience. These efforts form a vital foundation for ensuring food availability that is not only sufficient but also nutritious amid increasingly extreme global environmental challenges.

Keywords


Abiotic stresses; Acid rain exposure; Extreme temperatures; Drought; Waterlogging

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References


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